System Model for Autonomous Road Freight Transportation
Abstract
Emerging info-communication and vehicle technologies (especially vehicle automation) facilitate evolvement of autonomous road freight transportation. The entire transport system and its operation undergo a major change. New service concepts are growing and the existing ones are being transformed. The changing is particularly significant in city logistics. However, there are debates about the ways of automation of processes targeting improvement of capacity utilisation and decrease of expenditures. The main research questions of the paper are therefore: what properties of the future autonomous freight transportation are presumed; what system structure is to be constructed and how the system is to be operated? After introducing the basic notions and reviews of the current systems and developments, the shifting from traditional freight transportation to autonomous system is investigated by several aspects. A system- and process-oriented analytical modelling method has been applied. The main system constituents and their connections are modelled. Finally, we elaborate the operational model of road freight transportation, which is applicable principally in metropolitan areas. In conclusion, the presented
results appoint the research and innovation trends towards the automation of freight transportation.
References
Flämig H. Autonomous Vehicles and Autonomous Driving in Freight Transport. In: Maurer M, Gerdes JC, Lenz B, Winnerpp H, editors. Autonomous Driving. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2016. p. 365-385. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-48847-8
Alessandrini A, Campagna A, Site PD, Filippi F, Persia L. Automated Vehicles and the Rethinking of Mobility and Cities. Transportation Research Procedia. 2015;5: 145-160. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2015.01.002
Wilson B. Systems, concepts, methodologies, and applications. New York: Wiley; 1984.
NHTSA, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation Releases Policy on Automated Vehicle Development; 2013. Available from: www.nhtsa.gov
McFarlane D, Sarma S, Chirn JL, Wong CY, Ashton K. Auto ID systems and intelligent manufacturing control. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 2003;16(4): 365-76. doi: 10.1016/S0952-1976(03)00077-0
Arango Serna MD, Serna Uran CA, Alvarez Uribe KC. Collaborative autonomous systems in models of urban logistics. Dyna (Medellin, Colombia). 2012;79(172): 171-179.
Lom M, Pribyl O, Svitek M. Industry 4.0 as a Part of Smart Cities. Proceedings of the SCSP 2016, Smart City Symposium 2016; 2016 May 26-27; Prague, Czech Republic; 2016. doi: 10.1109/SCSP.2016.7501015
SAE International. Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems; 2014. Available from: http://standards.sae.org/j3016_201401
Gasser TM, Arzt C, Ayoubi M, Bartels A, Bürkle L, Eier J, Flemisch F, Hacker D, Hesse T, Huber W, Lotz C, Maurer M, Ruth-Schumancher S, Schwarz J, Vogt W. Legal consequences of an increase in vehicle automation. Consolidated final report of the project group, Part 1. Bergisch Gladbach: Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (Germany); 2012. Available from: http://bast.opus.hbz-nrw.de
UITP (Union International des Transport Public), International Association of Public Transport. Press Kit Metros automation facts, figures and trends; 2011. Available from: http://www.uitp.org/metro-automation-facts-figures-and-trends
Corman F, Xin J, Negenborn RR, D’Ariano A, Samà M, Toli A. Optimal Scheduling and Routing of Free-range AGVs at Large Scale Automated Container Terminals. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering. 2016;44(3): 145-54. doi: 10.3311/PPtr.8620
Kückelhaus, M. Self-driving vehicles in logistics: A DHL perspective on implications and use cases for the logistics industry. Troisdorf, Germany: DHL Trend Research; 2014. Available from: https://www.dhl.de/content/dam/dhlde/images/ueber_uns/content/dhl_self-driving_vehicles.pdf [Accessed 13th March 2017]
Sternberg H, Andersson M. Decentralized intelligence in freight transport – A critical review. Computers in Industry. 2014;65(2): 306-13. doi: 10.1016/j.compind.2013.11.011
Arendt F, Klein O, Barwig K. Intelligent Control of Freight Services on the Basis of Autonomous Multiagent Transport Coordination. In: Zijm H, Klumpp M, Clausen U, Hompel MT, editors. Logistics and Supply Chain Innovation. Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 313-324.
Gao S, Lim A, Bevly D. An empirical study of DSRC V2V performance in truck platooning scenarios. Digital Communications and Networks. 2016;2(4): 233-244. doi: 10.1016/j.dcan.2016.10.003
van Arem B, van Oort N, Yap M, Wiegmans B, Homem de Almeida Correia G. Opportunities and challenges for automated vehicles in the Zuidvleugel. Delft University of Technology; 2015. p. 36. Available from: https://nielsvanoort.weblog.tudelft.nl/files/2015/03/TUD2103-essay-final.pdf [Accessed 13th March 2017]
Pereira A M, Anany H, Pribyl O, Prikryl J. Automated Vehicles in Smart Urban Environment: A Review. Proceedings of the SCSP 2017, Smart City Symposium 2017; 2017 May 25-26; Prague, Czech Republic; 2017. doi: 10.1109/SCSP.2017.7973864
Milakis D, Snelder M, van Arem B, van Wee GP, Homem de Almeida Correia G. Development of automated vehicles in the Netherlands: scenarios for 2030 and 2050. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research. 2017;17(1): 63-85.
Gruel W, Stanford JM. Assessing the long-term effects of autonomous vehicles: a speculative approach. Transportation Research Procedia. 2016;13: 18-29. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.003
Bansal P, Kockelman KM. Forecasting Americans’ long-term adoption of connected and autonomous vehicle technologies. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2017;95: 49-63. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2016.10.013
Davidson P, Spinoulas A. Autonomous Vehicles: What Could This Mean for the Future of Transport? Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Traffic Planning and Management (AITPM) National Conference, Brisbane, Australia; 2015.
Fagnant DJ, Kockelman KM. Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2015;77: 167-181. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.003A.
Nordhoff S, van Arem B, Happee R. Conceptual Model to Explain, Predict, and Improve User Acceptance of Driverless Podlike Vehicles. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2016;2602: 60-67. doi: 10.3141/2602-08
Tettamanti T, Varga I, Szalay Z. Impacts of Autonomous Cars from a Traffic Engineering Perspective. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering. 2016;44(4): 244-250. doi: 10.3311/PPtr.9464
Waldrop MM. Autonomous vehicles: no drivers required. Nature. 2015;518(7537): 20-23. doi: 10.1038/518020a
Schoettle B, Sivak M. A preliminary analysis of real-world crashes involving self-driving vehicles. Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan. Report No. UMTRI-2015-34, 2015.
Dömötörfi Á, Péter T, Szabó K. Mathematical Modeling of Automotive Supply Chain Networks. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering. 2016;44(3): 181-186. doi: 10.3311/PPtr.9544
Maurer M, Winner H. Automotive systems engineering. Springer; 2013.
Gora P, Rüb I. Traffic models for self-driving connected cars. Transportation Research Procedia. 2016;14: 2207-2216. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.236
Petit J, Shladover SE. Potential Cyberattacks on Automated Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 2015;16(2): 546-556. doi: 10.1109/TITS.2014.2342271
Soltész T, Kózel M, Csiszár C, Centgráf T, Benyó B. Information System for Road Infrastructure Booking. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering. 2011;39(2): 55-62. doi: 10.3311/pp.tr.2011-2.02
Copyright (c) 2018 Csaba Csiszár, Dávid Földes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).