Comparison of External Costs in Multimodal Container Transport Chain
Abstract
The proposed paper discusses multimodal container transport due to savings in external costs. Relevant data have been analysed by reviewing previous research and published works for making a synthesis of one’s own conclusions. The research findings showed that there is no significant difference in the share of external costs of container transport and transport of other types of cargo in great European seaports as well as in energy consumption of multimodal rail-inland ship container transport and the same transport mode of bulk cargo. Intermodal terminals have also their own external costs. In spite of a double railway operational cost, it is important to include the railway in the intermodal terminal. The inland waterway transport has much higher external costs than sea transport. Multimodal container transport does not necessarily lower external costs. The savings are more common if the location and type of intermodal terminal are selected properly, and the sea transportation is involved in the multimodal transport chain.
References
Ferrari C, Parola F, Gattorna E. Measuring the Quality of Port Hinterland Accessibility: The Ligurian Case. Transport Policy. 2011;18(2):382-391.
Meersman H, Van de Voorde E, Vanelslander T. Future Challenges for Port and Shipping Sector. London: Informa; 2009.
Tongzon JL. Port choice and freight forwarders. Transportation Research Part E. 2009;45:186-195.
Jugović A, Žanić Mikuličić J, Maglić L. Impact of external costs on the implementation of Motorways of the Sea system. Scientific Journal of Maritime Research. 2014;28:17-21.
Steiner S, Sapunar J, Golubić J. Prometna politika u funkciji održivog razvoja. Proceedings of the HAZU scientific conference “Nezgode i nesreće u prometu i mjere za njihovo sprječavanje”; 28 Novemberstudenoga 2007; Zagreb, Hrvatska. Zagreb: Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences; 2007. Croatian
UIC, CER. The Way to Sustainable Mobility: Cutting the External Cost of Transport. Paris-Brussels: UICCER; 2000 [cited 2016 May 03]. Available from: http://www.railway-mobility.org/docs/uicsustainablemobility_en.pdf
European Commission. The Way to Sustainable Mobility: Cutting the External Cost of Transport. Brochure of the European Commission. Brussels: European Commission; 2000.
Digiesi S, Mossa G, Mummolo G. Supply Lead Time Uncertainty in a Sustainable Order Quantity Inventory Model. Management and Production Engineering Review. 2013;4(4):15-27.
UNCTAD. Multimodal Transport and Trading Opportunities. UNCTAD/SDD/MT/5. Geneva: UNCTAD; 1993.
European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT). Terminology on combined transport. Paris: ECMT; 1993.
CE Delft, Infras, Fraunhofer ISI. External Costs of Transport in Europe: Update Study for 2008. Delft: CE Delft; September 2011. Available from: http://ecocalc-test.ecotransit.org/CE_Delft_4215_External_Costs_of_Transport_in_Europe_def.pdf
Žgaljić D, Perkušić Z, Schiozzi D. Značenje multimodalnog, intermodalnog i kombiniranog prijevoza u razvoju pomorskih prometnica. Maritime Proceedings. 2015;49-50:265-279. Croatian
Heljedal M. Factors Influencing the Choice between Road and Multimodal Transportation. SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden: Linköping University; 2013.
European Committee. A sustainable future for transport. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2009. doi: 10.2768/13118
Branch AE. Export Practice and Management. 3rd ed. London: Chapman and Hall; 1994.
Meisel F. Seaside operations planning in container terminals. Berlin: Physica; 2009.
Bäck A, Kaipel M, Hartl T. Handbuch der Donauschifffahrt. Wien: Via Donau - Österr. Wasserstraßen-Ges. mbH; 2005.
IPC. Program razvoja intermodalnog transporta u Republici Hrvatskoj [In Croatian]. Zagreb: IPC Dunav-Jadran; 2009 Feb [last modified 2010 Sep 15; cited 2016 Mar 30]. Available from:http://www.ipc-dj.hr/dokument/01_PROGRAM%20RAZVOJA%20INTERMODALNOG%20PRIJEVOZA.pdf
EEA, European Environment Agency. Emissions of air pollutants from transport, Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE); 2013. [Last modified 11 Sep 2015]. Available from: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/transport-emissions-of-air-pollutants-8/transport-emissions-of-air-pollutants-9Indicator Assessment
Modern Air Transport and Environment. ATR: The Optimum Choice for a Friendly Environment. CO/EM 467/00; 31712 Blagnac, France: ATR; 2001 [cited 2016 Mar 30]. Available from: http://web.fc.fi/data/files/ATR_TheOptimumChoice.pdf
Hinšt Z. Europske studije o eksternim troškovima u prometu. Ekonomski pregled. 2006;57(11):778-788. Croatian
European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT). Efficient Transport for Europe, Policies for Internalisation of External Costs. Paris: ECMT; 1998.
Bošnjak I. Razvoj inteligentnih transportnih sustava – ITS [In Croatian]. Open Info Trend [Internet]. 2008 June [cited 2016 May 03]; 161(5):52-56. Available from: http://www.infotrend.hr/clanak/2008/6/razvoj-inteligentnih-transportnih-sustava-%E2%80%93-its,14,323.html
Hsu C-H, Xia F, Liu X, Wang S, editors. Internet of Vehicles - Safe and Intelligent Mobility. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, IOV 2015; 2015 Dec 19-21; Chengdu, China. 6330 Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2015. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27293-1
Ricardo-AEA. Update of the Handbook on External Costs of Transport, Final Report., Report for the European Commission: DG MOVE, Ricardo-AEA/R/ED57769, Issue, Number 1; Jan 2014.
OECD. External costs of transport in Central and Eastern Europe, Final report. Working Party on National Environmental Policy, Working Group on Transport; 2003 May 27-28; Paris, France. Paris: OECD; 2003.
Steiner S, Badanjak D, Božičević J. External Transport Costs as Element of Planning Policy. 5th International Conference "Traffic Safety for Big Cities", Proceedings, Supplement / Gorev AE. (ed.). St Petersburg, Russia: St Petersburg State University of Architecture & Civil Engineering; 2002. p. 1-8.
Maibach M, editor. External Costs of Transport, Accident, Environmental and Congestion Costs in Western Europe. Paris: The International Union of Railways; 1999.
Wei Y. Research on Intermodal External Costs of International Container. Proceedings of the 2016 2nd International Conference on Education Technology, Management and Humanities Science (ETMHS 2016). 2016 Jan 23-24; Beijing, China. Amsterdam - Beijing – Paris: Atlantis Press; 2016.
Ortolani C, Persona A, Sgarbossa F. External cost effects and freight modal choice: research and application. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications. 2011;14(3):199-220. doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2011.609536
Maffii S, Molocchi A, Chiffi C. External Costs of Maritime Transport [Internet]. Brussels: European Parliament; 2007 Jun [cited 2016 Mar 30]. Available from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/activities/expert/eStudies.do?language=EN
Merk O. Shipping Emissions in Ports. International Transport Forum, Discussion Paper No. 2014-20. 2014 Dec; Paris, France. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2014 Dec [cited 2016 Mar 30]. Available from: http://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/dp201420.pdf
Burkhard E, Nemoto T. Intermodal Logistics Policies in the EU, the U.S. and Japan. Transport Policy Studies’ Review [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2016 May 03]; 7(4):2-14. Available from:http://www.jterc.or.jp/kenkyusyo/product/tpsr/bn/pdf/no27-01.pdf
Janic M. Modelling the full costs of an intermodal and road freight transport network. Transportation Research Part D. 2007;12(1):33-44. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2006.10.004
Rožić T, Petrović M, Ogrizović D. Container transport flows as a prerequisite for determination of inland terminal location. Scientific Journal of Maritime Research 2014;28(1):3-9.
Kotowska I. Method of Assessing the Impact of Polish Container Terminals in Reducing the External Costs of Transport. Promet-Traffic & Transportation. 2013;25(1):73-80. doi: doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v25i1.1249
NEA, CE Delft, PLANCO, MDS Transpodaal, Via Donau. Medium and long term perspectives of IWT in the European Union, Final Report. Study commissioned by the European Commission-DG Mobility and Transport. Zoetermeer, Holland: NEA; 2011.
Caris A, Limbourg S, Macharis C, Van Lier T, Cools M. Integration of inland waterway transport in the intermodal supply chain: a taxonomy of research challenges. Journal of Transport Geography. 2014;41:126-136.
PLANCO Consulting GmbH, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde. Verkehrswirtschaftlicher und ökologischer Vergleich der Verkehrsträger Straße, Schieneund Wasserstraße. Study performed for Wasser-und Schiffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, Final report. Essen, Germany: PLANCO; 2007. German
Meersman H, Monteiro F, Pauwels T, Van de Voorde E, Vanelslander T. Marginal cost pricing in sea ports: how to model and assess differences between ports? Proceedings of the European Transport Conference (ETC). 2007 Oct 17-19; Leiden, the Netherlands. Leiden: AET; 2007.
Sulbaran T, Sarder MD. Logistical Impact of Intermodal Facilities. Proceedings of 2013 ASEE Southeastern Section Annual Conference and Meeting. 2013 Mar 10-12; Cookeville, Tennessee. Washington: American Society for Engineering Education; 2013.
Rudolf CD. A cost Comparison of Modern Container Cranes. In: Knott MA, editor. Ports ’95. Proceedings de la Conferencia: Ports´95. 1995 Mar 13-15; Tampa, Florida. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers; 1996.
Abbes S. Marginal social cost pricing in European seaports. European Transport Trasporti Europei. 2007;36:4-26.
Notteboom T, Rodrigue JP. Containerization, box logistics and global supply chains: the integration of ports and liner shipping networks. Maritime Economics and Logistic. 2008;10:152-174.
Ambrosino D, Ferrari C, Sciomachen A, Alessio T. Intermodal nodes and external costs: re-thinking the current network organization. Proceedings of the World Conference on Transport Research (SIG 2-WCTR). 2015 May 11-12; Antwerp, The Netherlands. Antwerp: University of Antwerp; 2015 May [cited 2016 Mar 30]. Available from:http://imet.gr/Portals/0/Intranet/Proceedings/SIGA2/tei[1].pdf
Bojic S, Brcanov D, Georgijevic M, Zrnic N. Location Problem of Container Terminals - an Internal and External Costs Approach. Proceedings of 27th European Conference on Operational Research. 2015 Jul 12-15; Glasgow, UK. Lyngby, Denmark: Technical University of Denmark; 2015. Available from: http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/116531513/program_euro27.pdf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
